Method of calculating the required power of a toric implant

ABSTRACT

A method for calculating the required cylindrical power of a toric implant by using both the measured pre-operative corneal/ocular astigmatism and the predicted surgically-induced astigmatism. The post-operative corneal/ocular astigmatism is predicted using power vector analysis of the surgical technique employed by the surgeon. Such a method provides a more accurate method of calculating the required spherocylindrical refractive power of the implant. The method can be implemented manually, but preferably is automated by implementation on a computer through appropriate software.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates generally to the field of ophthalmic lenses and,more particularly, to toric intraocular lenses (e.g. pseudophakic IOL,AC phakic IOL, PC phakic IOL, Iris-fixed IOL and etc.).

The human eye in its simplest terms functions to provide vision bytransmitting light through a clear outer portion called the cornea, andfocusing the image by way of a crystalline lens onto a retina. Thequality of the focused image depends on many factors including the sizeand shape of the eye, and the transparency of the cornea and the lens.

The optical power of the eye is determined by the optical power of thecornea and the crystalline lens. In the normal, healthy eye, sharpimages are formed on the retina (emmetropia). In many eyes, images areeither formed in front of the retina because the eye is abnormally long(axial myopia), or formed in back of the retina because the eye isabnormally short (axial hyperopia). The cornea and crystalline lens alsomay be non-spherical and regular but asymmetric or toric, resulting inan uncompensated cylindrical refractive error referred to as corneal andlenticular astigmatisms, which in combination give ocular astigmatism.Finally, if a surgical procedure is performed on the eye, the procedureitself can induce corneal astigmatism.

These refractive errors can all be corrected by the use of a refractiveimplant, when the natural lens is left in place, or by an intraocularlens (IOL) that is used to replace the natural lens. With respect to atoric implant, the magnitude of the cylindrical power of the implant andthe exact alignment of the implant with the naturally occurring orinduced asymmetry of the cornea/eye is necessary in order to correct theregular astigmatism of the cornea/eye. The importance of the alignmentof the axis of the implant with that of the cornea/eye is importantbecause even with matching magnitudes of cylinder, any misalignment ofthe axis results in unintended residual refractive errors with bothsphere and cylinder. Thus, misalignment of the axis of cylinder of theimplant with that of the cornea/eye is detrimental to the overall goalof optimum retinal image formation. The criticality of the neededalignment depends upon the magnitude of corneal/ocular cylinder,especially for large magnitude of corneal/ocular cylinder.

One prior art method for predicting the required spherical IOL powerbased on surgical techniques is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,709,218(Holladay, et al.). This method, however, does not use power vectoranalysis to determine the correct power or orientation of a toricimplant. There are various mathematical models available to assesssurgically induced astigmatism. Authors such as Thibos, Holladay,Horner, Cravy and Koch have published papers on the use of power vectoranalysis to evaluate induced refractive error by Lasik surgery. Theabove methods provided the assessments for correction effectiveness.They, however, failed to provide a direct guidance for surgeons in termsof how to do surgery correctly to optimal refractive outcomes. Inaddition, these models do not account for the location of the lenswithin the eye.

Accordingly, a need continues to exist for a method of calculating thepredicted post-operative refractive error in an eye that takes intoaccount both naturally occurring and surgically induced astigmaticerrors.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention improves upon the prior art by providing a methodfor calculating the required power of a toric implant by using both themeasured pre-operative corneal/ocular astigmatism and the predictedsurgically-induced astigmatism. The surgically-induced astigmatism ispredicted using power vector analysis of the surgical technique employedby the surgeon. Such a method provides a more accurate method ofcalculating the required post-operative refractive power of the implant.The method can be implemented manually, but preferably is automated byimplementation on a computer through appropriate software.

Accordingly, one objective of the present invention is to provide amethod for calculating the required power of a toric implant by usingboth the measured pre-operative corneal/ocular astigmatism and thepredicted surgically-induced astigmatism.

Another objective of the present invention is to provide a method forcalculating the required power of a toric implant using power vectoranalysis of the surgical technique employed by the surgeon.

Still another objective of the present invention is to provide a moreaccurate method of calculating the required post-operative refractivepower of the implant.

These and other advantages and objectives of the present invention willbecome apparent from the detailed description and claims that follow.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a flow chart indicating the steps of the method of the presentinvention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an eye with an intraocular lensphysically placed at the implant plane and virtually placed at thecorneal plane.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Method 10 of the present invention generally includes determining themagnitude of the astigmatic error of a patient based on patient factorsand surgeon factors. Patient factors (12) include (i) the mean sphereequivalent (MSE) of the implant, (ii) the K-reading for the steepestmeridian (K₁) and axis (A₁) and the K-reading for the flattest meridian(K₂) and axis (A₂), (iii) anterior chamber depth (ACD) or effective lensposition (ELP) and (iv) the manifest refraction of the whole eye (in thecase of calculating ocular astigmatism). Surgeon factors (14) includeincision size and location (incision) and the surgically inducedrefractive change (SIRC) typical for the individual surgeon. Bothpatient factors 12 and surgeon factors 14 are analyzed at step 16 usinga power vector analysis. Step 16 may use any of a variety ofmathematical formulas well-known in the art, one suitable formula willnow be discussed. The sphero-cylindrical prescription (S, C and α),either in optometric convention (−cyl format) or in ophthalmologicconvention (+cyl format), can be described by M, J₀ and J₄₅ asfollowing: $\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{M = {S + \frac{C}{2}}};} \\{{J_{0} = {{- \frac{C}{2}}{\cos( {2\alpha} )}}};} \\{{J_{45} = {{- \frac{C}{2}}{\sin( {2\alpha} )}}};} \\{B = \sqrt{M^{2} + J_{0}^{2} + J_{45}^{2}}}\end{matrix} & (1)\end{matrix}$where B is called the blur strength. It's the equivalent dioptricdefocus at the plane of the least confusion.

The refractive error in power vector format can be converted back to thesphero-cylindrical format. Since the optometric (−cyl format) andophthalmologic (+cyl format) conventions are easily interchangeable, theconversion from M, J₀ and J₄₅ to the optometric (−cyl format) conventionis presented in equation (2). $\begin{matrix}\begin{matrix}{{C = {{- 2}\sqrt{J_{0}^{2} + J_{45}^{2}}}};} \\{{S = {M - \frac{C}{2}}};} \\{\alpha = \{ \begin{matrix}{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} & {{{{J_{0} \geq 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} \geq 0} \\{{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} + {180{^\circ}}} & {{{{J_{0} \geq 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} < 0} \\{{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} + {90{^\circ}}} & {{{{J_{0} < 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} \geq 0} \\{{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} + {90{^\circ}}} & {{{{J_{0} < 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} < 0}\end{matrix} }\end{matrix} & (2)\end{matrix}$

The cylinder axis in clinical prescription is usually falling between 0°and 180°. To get the axis within the legitimate range, four differentconditions can be encountered, shown in equation (2).

The current corneal incision procedure of cataract surgery causes boththe flattening and the steepening of the corneal surface at meridiansassociated with the incision locations. This creates a measurablecylinder power change and cylindrical axis shift in post-operativerefraction. Surgically induced astigmatic change should be taken intoaccount in predicting the post-operative astigmatism and then it ispossible to use a toric implant to neutralize the astigmatism in thewhole eye. Using the equation (1), the corneal refractive error,S_(Cornea), C_(Cornea) and α_(Cornea), and the surgically inducedrefractive change (SIRC), S_(SIRC)′, C_(SIRC)′ and α_(SIRC)′, can beconverted into power vectors. For simplicity, the power vector ofcorneal refractive error is denoted as (M, J₀, J₄₅) and the power vectorof SIRC is denoted as (M′, J₀′, J₄₅′). The power vector for thepredicted post-operative corneal refractive error is the sum of corneaand SIRC power vectors.Rx_(Cornea)=(M, J₀, J₄₅); Rx_(SIRC)′=(M′, J₀′, J₄₅′)Rx _(Xcyl) =Rx _(Cornea) +Rx _(SIRC)′=(M+M′, J ₀ +J ₀ ′, J ₄₅ +J₄₅′)  (3)In the case of the whole eye, the refractive error of the whole eye isS_(Eye), C_(Eye) and α_(Eye) and therefore the equations can berewritten as:Rx_(Eye)=(M, J₀, J₄₅); Rx_(SIRC)′=(M′, J₀′, J₄₅′)Rx _(Xcyl) =Rx _(Eye) +Rx _(SIRC)′=(M+M′, J ₀ +J ₀ ′, J ₄₅ +J ₄₅′)

The predicted post-operative corneal/ocular vector can be converted toconventional sphero-cylindrical format by using equation (2). Theconversion results are labeled as S_(Xcyl), C_(Xcyl) and α_(Xcyl), forthe reason that they are the results of cross-cylinder calculation.

For toric implant selection, the focus will be on the cylindricalcomponents C_(Xcyl) and α_(Xcyl). At the corneal plane, a toriccorrection with C_(Xcyl) and α_(Xcyl) are required. However, the toriccorrection needed at the implant plane is different from that at cornealplane due to the power transfer property from the corneal plane to theimplant plane. The toric implant has the cylinder power and cylindricalaxis described by equation (4).C _(Implant) =CF*C _(Xcyl)α_(Implant)=α_(Xcyl)  (4)where CF is conversion factor between the corneal plane and the implantplane. From the calculated values C_(Implant) and α_(Implant), theappropriate toric implant model can be selected and the selected implantwill be placed at the meridian indicated by α_(Implant). The vectoranalysis contemplated in step 16 results in calculated post-operativecorneal/ocular astigmatism 18, which takes into account both patientfactors 12 and surgeon factors 14. If the implant is an intraocular lens(IOL), the predicted cylindrical error calculated at step 18 at thecorneal plane is translated into a required cylindrical error at theimplant plane at step 20.

In the following discussion, the general rule is that the power ofoptical component is denoted by “P” and the vergence by “L”. We defineP_(cornea) as the power of cornea at certain meridian, P_(Implant) asthe power of the implant , P_(Implant)′ as the equivalent power of theimplant at the corneal plane, L_(cornea) as the vergence immediatelyafter the corneal plane, L_(Implant) as the vergence at the firstprincipal plane of the implant, L_(Implant)′ as the vergence at thesecond principal plane of the implant, n as the refractive index ofaqueous humor, and d is the distance between the cornea and the firstprincipal plane of the implant.

Generally, the L_(cornea) is equal to the sum of vergence of spectaclecorrection at the corneal plane and the power of the cornea.L _(cornea) =L _(Rx) +P _(cornea)  (5)where the L_(Rx) is the vergence of spectacle correction at the cornealplane. For emmetropic eye after cataract surgery, the L_(Rx) is equal tozero. In the following discussion, if not specifically mentioned, weconsider the L_(cornea) the same as the P_(cornea).

As shown in FIG. 2, in the top illustration, the implant is physicallyplaced at the implant plane. In the bottom illustration, the implant isvirtually placed at the corneal plane. The first principal plane of theimplant at the implant plane is denoted as FP, The second principalplane of the implant at the implant plane is denoted as SP. In bothscenarios, the vergence should be the same before vitreous chamber (i.e. at SP plane). By equating the vergence calculated from two differencescenarios, the relationship can be found to decide the desired implantpower at implant plane. More specifically, the desired implant atimplant plane will be a function of the vergence immediately after thecornea (L_(Cornea)), the desired implant power at the corneal plane(P_(Implant)′), the distance between the second principal plane of thecornea (close to the anterior corneal surface) and the first principalplane of the implant (d) and refractive index of aqueous (n). In thediscussion of toric value calculation, d and n can be fixed asconstants.P _(IOL) =f(L _(cornea) , P _(Implant) ′, d, n)=f _(d,n)(L _(cornea) , P_(Implant)′)  (6)

From the first optical system, the vergence at the SP plane is:$\begin{matrix}{L_{Implant}^{\prime} = {\frac{L_{cornea}}{1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} + P_{Implant}}} & (7)\end{matrix}$

From the second virtual optical setup, considering the location shift ofimplant, the vergence at the SP plane is: $\begin{matrix}{L_{Implant}^{\prime} = \frac{P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}}{1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}}} & (8)\end{matrix}$By equating the right sides of equation (7) and (8), $\begin{matrix}{{\frac{L_{cornea}}{1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} + P_{Implant}} = \frac{P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}}{1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}}} & (9)\end{matrix}$the following is obtained: $\begin{matrix}{P_{Implant}^{\prime} = \frac{{P_{Implant}( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )}^{2}}{1 + {\frac{d}{n}{P_{Implant}( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )}}}} & (10) \\{P_{Implant} = \frac{P_{Implant}^{\prime}}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}} )}} & (11)\end{matrix}$

The equation (10) calculates the equivalent implant at the corneal planefor a given implant at the implant plane. The equation (11) computes thedesired implant power at the implant plane according to the requiredoptical power at corneal plane. The desired toric value can be obtainedby taking the difference between maximum and minimum powers.

Assuming that the optical axial length is AL_(O), the required implantpower at the corneal plane can be calculated as $\begin{matrix}{P_{Implant}^{\prime} = {\frac{N}{{AL}_{o}} - L_{cornea}}} & (12)\end{matrix}$

For example, patient has k-reading K1=42.75 D×120°, K2=44.75 D×30°.Assume i5 that there's no induced astigmatism by surgeon, the emmetropiceye has axial length 23.65 mm, d=5.20 mm and n=1.336. The requiredimplant powers at the corneal plane are 13.74 D×120°and 11.74 D×30°.Putting these values into equation (11), the implant powers at implantplane are 21.13 D×120°and 18.22×30°. Compared the toric value of thecornea 2.00 D, the implant should have toric value −2.91 D, which givesa conversion factor of 1.46.

Equation (11) includes both L_(cornea) and P_(Implant)′, therefore, itmust be determined which variable affect the calculation of sphericaland cylindrical powers most and could the effects of these two factorson toric values be constant by differentiating the equation (11).$\begin{matrix}{{dP}_{Implant} = {{\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial P_{Implant}^{\prime}}{dP}_{Implant}^{\prime}} + {\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial L_{cornea}}d\quad L_{cornea}}}} & (13) \\{{Cyl}_{Implant} = {{\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial P_{Implant}^{\prime}}{Cyl}_{Implant}^{\prime}} + {\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial L_{cornea}}{Cyl}_{cornea}}}} & (14) \\{{C_{1} = \frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial P_{Implant}^{\prime}}},{C_{2} = \frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial L_{cornea}}}} & (15)\end{matrix}$where dP_(Implant) can be considered as the change of spherical powerdue to choosing different meridians and therefore can be treated as thecylindrical power of the implant, similarly, the dP_(Implant)′ can betreated as the cylindrical power of the implant at the corneal plane,the dL_(cornea) as the cylindrical power of the cornea. Intuitively, theequation (14) means that the cylindrical power of the implant is afunction of its power at the corneal plane and the cylindrical power ofthe cornea, which is shown by equation (15). If the coefficients beforedP_(Implant)′ (Cyl_(Implant)′) and dL_(cornea) (Cyl_(cornea)),$\begin{matrix}{\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial P_{{I\mu\mu}\quad{\pi\lambda}\quad{av}}^{\prime}}\quad{and}} & (16) \\\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial L_{cornea}} & (17)\end{matrix}$are constants, the equation (14) would be a linear equation. However,these two coefficients are usually not constants, but the functions ofP_(Implant)′ and L_(cornea).

With additional calculations, it can be determined that $\begin{matrix}{C_{1} = {\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial P_{Implant}^{\prime}} = \frac{1}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}} )^{2}}}} & (18) \\\begin{matrix}{C_{2} = \frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial L_{cornea}}} \\{= {\frac{1}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}} )^{2}} - \frac{1}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )^{2}}}}\end{matrix} & (19)\end{matrix}$In equation (15), the desired IOL cylinder value (Cyl_(IOL)′) at cornealplane is equal to C_(Xcyl), and the corneal cylinder (Cyl_(cornea),including surgical induced astigmatism) is equal to the refractive errorto be corrected, −C_(Xcyl).Therefore, the equation (15) can be rewritten as:Cyl _(Implant)=(C ₁ −C ₂)*C _(Xcyl) =CF*C _(Xcyl)  (20)The CF=C₁−C₂ is highly dependent on d and corneal K values. For cornealpowers within the normal range of 35 D-55 D, the conversion factor (CF)can be calculated with equation (18) and (19) by fixing d to be the meanvalue of each region of interest.

-   For 0 mm≦d<0.25 mm, CF=1.00;-   for 0.25 mm≦d<0.75 mm, CF=1.02-1.04;-   for 0.75 mm≦d<1.25 mm, CF=1.05-1.09;-   for 1.25 mm≦d<1.75 mm, CF=1.08-1.14;-   for 1.75 mm≦d<2.25 mm, CF=1.11-1.19;-   for 2.25 mm≦d<2.75 mm, CF=1.15-1.24;-   for 2.75 mm≦d<3.25 mm, CF=1.18-1.30;-   for 3.25 mm≦d<3.75 mm, CF=1.21-1.37;-   for 3.75 mm≦d<4.25 mm, CF=1.25-1.43;-   for 4.25 mm≦d<4.75 mm, CF=1.29-1.51;-   for 4.75 mm≦d≦5.25 mm, CF=1.32-1.59;-   for 5.25 mm<d≦5.75 mm, CF=1.37-1.67;-   for 5.75 mm<d≦6.25 mm, CF=1.41-1.76;-   for 6.25 mm<d≦6.75 mm, CF=1.45-1.86;-   for 6.75 mm<d≦7.25 mm, CF=1.50-1.97.

For implants, such as refractive implants, that are to be located nearor in the cornea, power transfer step 20 is not necessary. Once therequired power of the implant is determined at step 18 and/or step 20,this calculated power can be used to select the appropriate lens modeland report the lens model to the operator in steps 22 and 24,respectively. The lens power calculation and axial placement may also bereported to the operator in steps 26 and 28, respectively. The presentinvention therefore, provides an accurate method for calculating therequired power of a toric implant by using both the measuredpre-operative corneal/ocular astigmatism and the predictedsurgically-induced astigmatism.

This description is given for purposes of illustration and explanation.It will be apparent to those skilled in the relevant art that changesand modifications may be made to the invention described above withoutdeparting from its scope or spirit.

1. A method of calculating the required power of a toric ophthalmicimplant, comprising the steps of: a) determining an optimum cylindricalrefraction needed to correct sphero-cylindrical refractive errors in apatient's eye; b) calculating a predicted surgically induced refractivechange to the patient's eye; and c) analyzing the optimum cylindricalrefraction needed to correct sphero-cylindrical refractive errors in thepatient's eye in combination with the predicted surgically inducedrefractive change to the patient's eye to determine the required powerof the toric ophthalmic implant.
 2. The method of claim 1 furthercomprising the steps of: a) describing the corneal/ocular astigmatismand the surgically-induced astigmatism in vector terms; b) calculatingthe predicted post-op corneal/ocular astigmatism with a vector analysis;and c) converting the vector analysis results back to conventionalsphero-cylindrical format.
 3. The method of claim 2 wherein the step ofcalculating the predicted post-op corneal/ocular astigmatism with avector analysis comprises using the following equation:Rx_(Cornea)=(M, J₀, J₄₅); Rx_(SIRC)′=(M′, J₀′, J₄₅′)Rx _(Xcyl) =Rx _(Cornea) +Rx _(SIRC)′=(M+M′, J ₀ +J ₀ ′, J ₄₅ +J ₄₅′) 4.The method of claim 2 wherein the step of converting the vector analysisresults back to conventional sphero-cylindrical format comprises usingthe following equation: $\begin{matrix}{{C = {{- 2}\sqrt{J_{0}^{2} + J_{45}^{2}}}};} \\{{S = {M - \frac{C}{2}}};} \\{\alpha = \{ \begin{matrix}{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} & {{{{J_{0} \geq 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} \geq 0} \\{{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} + 180^{\circ}} & {{{{J_{0} \geq 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} < 0} \\{{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} + 90^{\circ}} & {{{{J_{0} < 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} \geq 0} \\{{\frac{1}{2}{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} + 90^{\circ}} & {{{{J_{0} < 0}\&}\quad{\tan^{- 1}( \frac{J_{45}}{J_{0}} )}} < 0}\end{matrix} }\end{matrix}$
 5. A method of determining a desired toric power of anophthalmic implant, comprising the steps of: a) calculating the toricpower of an ophthalmic implant at a corneal plane using the followingequation${Cyl}_{Implant} = {{\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial P_{Implant}^{\prime}}{Cyl}_{Implant}^{\prime}} + {\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial L_{cornea}}{Cyl}_{cornea}}}$b) calculating coefficients that describe the dependence betweenvariables in the equation of step a) using the following equation$\begin{matrix}{C_{1} = {\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial P_{Implant}^{\prime}} = \frac{1}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}} )^{2}}}} \\{C_{2} = {\frac{\partial P_{Implant}}{\partial L_{cornea}} = {\frac{1}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}} )^{2}} - \frac{1}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )^{2}}}}} \\{and}\end{matrix}$ c) determining a conversion factor (CF) for translatingthe toric power of the implant at the corneal plane to a toric power ofthe implant at a desired implant plane using the following equationCyl _(Implant)=(C ₁ −C ₂)*C _(Xcyl) =CF*C _(Xcyl)
 6. The method of claim5 wherein the conversion factor (CF) comprising the following values:For 0 mm≦d<0.25 mm, CF=1.00; for 0.25 mm≦d<0.75 mm, CF=1.02-1.04; for0.75 mm≦d<1.25 mm, CF=1.05-1.09; for 1.25 mm≦d<1.75 mm, CF=1.08-1.14;for 1.75 mm≦d<2.25 mm, CF=1.11-1.19; for 2.25 mm≦d<2.75 mm,CF=1.15-1.24; for 2.75 mm≦d<3.25 mm, CF=1.18-1.30; for 3.25 mm≦d<3.75mm, CF=1.21-1.37; for 3.75 mm≦d<4.25 mm, CF=1.25-1.43; for 4.25mm≦d<4.75 mm, CF=1.29-1.51; for 4.75 mm≦d≦5.25 mm, CF=1.32-1.59; for5.25 mm<d≦5.75 mm, CF=1.37-1.67; for 5.75 mm<d≦6.25 mm, CF=1.41-1.76;for 6.25 mm<d≦6.75 mm, CF=1.45-1.86; for 6.75 mm<d≦7.25 mm,CF=1.50-1.97.
 7. A method of calculating the required toric power of anophthalmic implant at a corneal plane and at an implant plane,comprising the steps of: a) using vergence equations to describe theoptical system of a human eye; b) equating two equivalent opticalsystems when the implant is at the corneal plane and when it is at theimplant plane; c) calculating the spherical power of the ophthalmicimplant at the corneal plane and at the implant plane with the followingequations: $\begin{matrix}{P_{Implant}^{\prime} = \frac{{P_{Implant}( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )}^{2}}{1 + {\frac{d}{n}{P_{Implant}( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )}}}} \\{P_{Implant} = \frac{P_{Implant}^{\prime}}{( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}L_{cornea}}} )( {1 - {\frac{d}{n}( {P_{Implant}^{\prime} + L_{cornea}} )}} )}}\end{matrix}$ d) calculating the toric value implant at the cornealplane and at the implant plane by using the dioptric difference ofspherical powers between steep and flat meridians.